Plant family
Pedaliaceae
Parts used
Tubers of lateral roots (secondary roots)
Actions
Anti-inflammatory · Bitter · Tonic
Affinities
Musculoskeletal · Digestive
Body systems
Musculoskeletal · Digestive
Taste profile
Very bitter
Tissue states
Preparation
Tablets, extract, tincture
Dosage guidance
Tablet: up to 6 g daily. Antirheumatic/analgesic: 3-6 g daily of 1:2 extract OR 15-30 mL daily of 1:5 tincture. 5:1 powdered extract tablets: 600-1200 mg extract daily. GI complaints: much lower doses. Take between meals when gastric activity lowest (stomach acids decrease analgesic/anti-inflammatory effect). Enteric-coated extracts may be more beneficial.
Cautions & contraindications
German Commission E contraindicated: gastric/duodenal ulcers, gallstones. Claimed oxytocic properties (unsubstantiated) — avoid during pregnancy/lactation. Common adverse effect: diarrhea. Also: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, allergic skin reactions, dysmenorrhea, blood flow instability. Can affect heart rate/contractility/blood pressure — use cautiously with cardiovascular conditions. NOT with hawthorn. May decrease blood glucose — monitor closely, dose adjustments may be needed. AHPA: Class 2d.